The Holocaust. When Did The Nazis Decide on The Final Solution Essay

The Holocaust. When Did The Nazis Decide on The Final Solution - Essay Example It remains unclear whether the Nazi administration declared the final solution. However, the regime employed a number of euphemisms to camouflage their real intentions of annihilating the Jewish population in the expansive Germany. On this account, therefore, the final solution is chief among the vague expressions used by the Nazi government to refer to the spontaneous killing and annihilation of the Jews (Inter alia & Bullock, 1961, 480). Incidentally, the Nazi regime perpetuated the rampant annihilation of Jews throughout its reign, and there was no precise instant when a specialized mission to eradicate Jews was made until 1941. Nevertheless, it is quite relevant to note that there could have been a basis for the resolve to eradicate the Jewish population in Germany by the rogue Nazi administration. For that reason, the final solution could have been a result of systematic considerations and deliberations that eventually settled on the eradication of the Jewish population. Such a sequence of deliberation would point towards the exact cause the Nazi administration endeavoured to achieve through the systematic murder of Jews (Shirer, 1989, 864-865). This paper takes historical account of the holocaust by contemplating on the events leading to the final solution that involved the brutal murder and annihilation of the Jewish population in Germany by the infamous Nazi regime. The Nazis commonly used euphemistic speech to disguise the correct nature of their crimes. They used the expression â€Å"Final Solution† to mean to their agenda to wipe out the Jewish people. It is not recognized when the organizers of Nazi Germany definitively settled on to execute the "Final Solution." The genocide of the Jews was the height of a decade of increasingly brutal discriminatory measures. Under the leadership of Adolf Hitler, the maltreatment and isolation of Jews was executed in stages (Hilberg, 2003, 55). After the Nazi party ascended to power in Germany in 1933, its government-sponsored prejudice led to anti-Jewish laws, economic embargos, and the aggression of the Kristallnacht pogroms, all of which intended to systematically cut off Jews from the general public and coerce them out of the country. After the September 1939 German incursion of Poland (the commencement of WWII), anti-Jewish program escalated to the incarceration and ultimate murder of European Jewry. The Nazis first instituted ghettos (enfolded areas intended to segregate and manage the Jews) in the Generalgouvernement (a region in central with eastern Poland controlled by a German national government) as well as the Warthegau (a region of western Poland seized to Germany). Polish along with western European Jews were extradited to these ghettos where they resided in overcrowded and unhygienic conditions with insufficient food. Following June 1941 German offensive of the Soviet Union, SS (in addition to police units acting as portable murder units) began enormous killing operatio ns intended at entire Jewish groups (Cesarani, 1994, 78). These plated trucks had exhaust pipes rearranged to pump venomous carbon monoxide gas into potted spaces, murdering those sheltered within. They were planned to complement continuing shooting operations. On July 17, 1941, one month after the assault of the Soviet Union, Hitler commissioned SS leader Heinrich Himmler with an obligation for all security affairs in the inhabited Soviet Union. Hitler bestowed Himmler broad power to physically get rid of any perceived dangers to permanent German occupation. A fortnight later, on July 31, 1941, Nazi chief Hermann Goering sanctioned SS

Federalism & Parliament. Essay Example for Free

Federalism Parliament. Essay Federalism is a political philosophy or a system of government where leadership of a state is divided between a central head and its sub-units. States with a federal form of government are split into different territories, each territories are then governed by the sub-units. Each unit can act independently of other units such that each territory may different laws governing them. The central government, on the other hand, act for the common good which grants substantial autonomy to each territory. As a result, territories are subject to their laws and those imposed by the central government. The United States of America is an example of a country with a federal form of government from which each state has its own state legislature but must at the same time follow the laws made by the United States Congress. Parliament. A parliament is a legislature operating under a parliamentary system of government. In more simple terms, the parliament is the body of people who represents the general population and who meet and discuss matters of state. Members of parliaments may be elected or not, although representatives are rarely non-elected. Members of parliaments also have the power to elect the head of state, usually called the Prime Minister. As such, the head of state is answerable to and would only hold office as long as the parliament is confident on the heads leadership. The latter part is possible because the parliament also hold the power to dismiss or to request an early dissolution. Parliaments may also be divided between chambers or houses. The British Parliament, for example, is divided between the House of Lords and the House of Commons, although only members of the House of Commons is referred to as the parliament. Constitution. A constitution is a fundamental system of laws, written or unwritten, which establishes the rules and principles of a sovereign state. Constitutions set up the basis for governments, defining the limits and relations of each political structures of the state. States which have democratic forms of government, for example, have executive, legislative and judiciary authorities which have separate powers and duties but are interdependent of each other. Most constitution also cover the claim of territories and guarantee certain rights to people. While constitutions may be in unwritten form, having it in written or codified form makes it more easily understood and coherent. However, written constitutions are still usually relatively rigid than with other laws, allowing for a potentially wide range of interpretations. High Court. A high court refers to the superior court of justice, the court of last resort, or the highest judicial body within a specific autonomous state. In the United States, for example, high court refers to the Supreme Court. Being the highest judicial body, rulings of high court could no longer be subjected to further review by another court. High court decisions usually impact other cases in that most states have a doctrine called stare decisis for rulings covering common law from which previous rulings and decisions constitute binding precedence upon the same court or courts of lower status within their jurisdictions. That means that judges are obliged to follow the precedents established in prior high court decisions in subsequent cases. Others have, on the other hand, the principle of jurisprudence constante from which previous decisions applying a particular law carries great weight and may be determinative in subsequent cases. Responsible Government. A responsible government is a concept in a system of government embodying the principles of accountability. In the United Kingdom, for example, responsible government manifests itself in several ways. The Prime Minister account to the Parliament for decisions and departmental performances. They retain office for as long as the lower house of holds confidence in his or her leadership. However, once the lower house has passed a motion of no confidence, the Prime Minister must immediately resign and the government is subjected to the electorate for a general election. In Canada, responsible government encompass ministerial responsibility. Collective ministerial responsibility involves principles which ensure that the prime minister and all cabinet ministers pursue a policy consistent with the priorities of their party which has the support of the majority of voters.

The Scope Of Online Library Management Information Technology Essay

The Scope Of Online Library Management Information Technology Essay Due to the many problems facing with the current system by the college, I made a completely new library management system that can produce automated online system for managing the activities of the library system. It is totally secured system that can be accessed only by the verified user putting the user name and password procedure. To mitigate the issues of conventional and manual method of reservation and distribution of books to readers from library, the online Library Management System has been created. The Library Management System is a web-based online system for assisting both the students/teachers and librarian/staff in borrowing and supervising the books. The system would provide fundamental set of features for adding and/or updating members, adding and/or updating books, getting the list of books, finding out the list of books currently checked out, reserving and borrowing books. Its development includes the formation and maintenance of back-end database with MySQL and front-end application development aspects with PHP. Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Project Scope The scope of Online Library Management System includes: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Create distinct product users based on their roles and permissions. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Authenticate users at their login. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Provide the list of books the users can borrow. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Facility to reserve books that are available. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ A status page for all users to view books reserved by them. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Facility to cancel the reservation for a book made earlier. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ A status page for all users to view books borrowed by them, their individual due dates and their individual penalties if any. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ An interface to view and edit the own profile. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Provide method for adjusting account settings such as passwords. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Mechanism to reset the password in case user forgets it. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Providing interface to add or delete books to staffs. 1.2 Problem definition of existing system London College of Engineering and Management has been using the manual library system for handling different activities of the library in the college. We can simply say that the system has been running totally in a paper based. The college does not have any online system to enable students to access the library resources. Main Features Of The Existing System: This LMS (Library Management System) can hold limited number of information and data regarding books, students, and dates when students borrow the books. As mentioned earlier this system is a manual system which manages all this information in the paper based book known as register. Issue Procedure: While issuing the book to the students and/or teachers, first of all one of the college staffs working as a librarian asked the students to show the library card that has already been made by the college for each and every students. If the student does not have library card, then they never issue the book to that particular one. The librarian takes the library card and hold it until the students return the book. In the register, all the information related to the students as well as the book such as accession number, students name and contact details, book title, book author, issue date, return date etc. It is impossible to reserve the book from home. Book Return Procedure: There is a certain procedure that has to be followed by the students and librarian while returning the book. Within the due date, the student is required to return the book. Otherwise, the student has to pay certain amounts as a fine. The book borrowed by the student is being handed over to the librarian and now it is the duty of the librarian to issue the library card to the respective student by declaring that the student is no longer holding that book with him/her. Addition Of New Book: The student can fill a small request form named Request Form For New Book in order to get a desired book which is not available in the college. If more than 8 students are demanding for the same book then only the college meeting is held to discuss how to obtain the book in the library. To keep record of the new book, the library staff needs to fill a form named Add New Book in which there are number of headings to be filled up such as Name of Book, Date of Delivery, Book Title, Author Name, Published Date, Published Year, Edition, Book Category, etc. They need to keep a catalogue and a notice is stick on the library notice board noticing that a particular book is available in the library. Fine System: The librarian is working on keeping the record of penalty paid by the student on not giving back the book on time. Librarian finds out the issue date and return date of the book and if the student fails to return that book within the return date of the book, then he/she has to pay  £1/day as a fine. The fine may get high in the case when the book has been lost or damage by the student. Deletion Procedure: The book record is deleted from the library register book when the book has been lost or totally damaged by the user. Problems With The Current System: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Hard to maintain backup because of large and duplication of data. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Data analysis and access to database is tiresome. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Difficult to obtain book status rapidly. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Updating the details of student/book is a longer process. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Students have to visit the college with an appointment to initialize the process of reservation and/or borrowing. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It is very difficult work to sort the book manually. Data inconsistency may arise in the case of several entries of the same book and in addition whenever a new book is added in the library system. Adding a new book, updating the details of the book and students, and sorting them in a systemic way is somehow impossible. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Due to tear and loss of issue cards, it is required to make a new library card as soon as possible. Again it is time consuming task to find out the information about that particular book. 1.3 Proposed System As a solution, the project titled Library Management System (LMS) is a web-based online system for supervising and managing the transactions in a library. The project Library Management System (LMS) is built up in PHP and backed up with MySQL, which mainly concentrates on basic operations in a library including but not limited to adding/updating members, adding/deleting books, reserving/borrowing books and renewing and returning books all processed online. The proposed system has following advantages. Easy to handle and feasible Fast retrieve to database A smaller amount of error Easy access to all information Look and Feel Environment Rapid transaction Cost reduction All the manual complications in controlling the Library have been rectified by implementing this computerization system. The system has been developed to control the behavior, jobs and requirements of each individual category of users. The users are categorized as students, teachers and staffs. Students and teachers are active members of book users whereas the staffs control the distribution and maintenance of library books. Key Words Involved In the Proposed System: The following entities are involved in the proposed system: Staff Teacher Student Instruction Account Summery Account Summery View/Edit Profile View/Edit Profile View/Edit Profile Change Password Change Password Change Password Book Catalogue Book Catalogue Book Catalogue Add Books Reserved Book Reserved Book Issue Books Borrowed Book Borrowed Book Receive Books Add User Lookup Profiles By viewing the keywords involved in the proposed system, we can easily estimate what is all about the system is. Chapter 2: Literature review Different development methodologies can be adopted to develop the system. The following common methodologies are: 2.1 Waterfall Model The waterfall model was initiated as a first sequential design process in which progress is downward. It is also called as a traditional model. There is no upward flow. That is why it is named as waterfall. It is a linear software development lifecycle model. Requirements/ Analysis Design Implementation Coding Testing Fig. 2.1 Waterfall Model The waterfall model has been prepared on numerous phases particularly to improve the system. By following this technique, the system will be divided into several phases thus reducing out the whole process. For instance you are in the Phase I, it would not go to the next phase i.e. Phase II until the Phase I has done completely. In the same process, you will go to the next phase like as waterfall. Once you go to the next phase, you cannot turn back. Advantages The Waterfall model is simple and easy to use. Easy to manage because of the inflexibility of the model each phase has a review process. All the phases are developed and completed sequentially i.e. one by one. It works fine for minor systems having well-understood requirements. Strong documentation is obtainable because a lot of paper work is done in waterfall model. Disadvantages Modifying scope at some point in the life cycle can destroy the system. There are high amount of risk and insecurity. A lot of time is wasted. When to use the waterfall model: Requirements are extremely well known, clearly understood and fixed. The organization has knowledge of alike projects. Tools and techniques are understood. There are no vague needs. The project is short. 2.2 Spiral Model Spiral model is one of the best model for software development which merge both prototyping and designing in different stages of the development process. It is like designing the first prototype of the concept, its requirements and plan at the end of the first stage. Likewise we create another prototype which consists of drafting the requirements, validating and testing it in another stage. Similarly whole development process runs similarly throughout the entire process of software development which is called spiral model of software development. This model also used the features of the both prototyping and waterfall model which makes it very efficient and effective software development model. This also the main reason that software engineer uses this model to develop very complex and sophisticated software. It is basically used in military, future combat, scientific research and so on. Fig. 2.2 Spiral Model Individual consequent spirals develops on the baseline spiral. During the planning phase, all the requirements needed are collected. Risk and solution are identified in the risk analysis phase where a process is undertaken. Finally, a prototype is produced. The next phase is the evaluation phase where the clients are given the project to evaluate the outcomes before it goes on to the next spiral. Advantages It minimizes risk because of high level of risk analysis in the different stages of the development process. It is highly recommended to those projects which are very complex and sophisticated. Unlike other model, this model is quiet flexible which means that if we want add some functionality at a later date then we can do so. Disadvantages It requires very highly skilled manpower to analyze and identify the risk. This model is expensive than other models because of the expertise it requires to develop and analyze the system. Main success of the project is highly depends upon the analysis stage which means beginning of the stage. This model is not effective and efficient for the small projects. 2.3 Prototype Model Prototyping model is such types of model which is used to develop sample of the product including all the requirements in the early stage of software development. This model basically follows the simple concept of test and trail for the precise development of the product. First, we design the concept, built its prototype and then we test that prototype. If there is any problem in that prototype then we go back to our design, makes some changes; after that again we design another prototype and then we test it. In this way whole process runs throughout the period until or unless we get the final product. This is how prototyping model works. It is mostly used in development of webpage based systems. It is especially used to develop e-commerce sites, shopping sites, catalogue page and product order page etc. Fig. 2.3 Prototype Model Advantages Early development of prototype gives an idea of how the final product looks like. Early development of prototype allows us to find problems in our system in early stage so it reduces time to develop final product. It is one of the costs effective software development process. It also allows active participation between its user and producer of the product. Disadvantages It is vulnerable if there are lots of end users as well as it might take long time to develop the product. It might not combine overall needs of the organization as a whole. It is not suitable for development of large products. Structure and design of the system could go other way than that of the original design. When to use Prototype model: Prototype model should be used when the desired system needs to have a lot of interaction with the end users. Typically, online systems, web interfaces have a very high amount of interaction with end users, are best suited for Prototype model. It might take a while for a system to be built that allows ease of use and needs minimal training for the end user. Prototyping ensures that the end users constantly work with the system and provide a feedback which is incorporated in the prototype to result in a useable system. They are excellent for designing good human computer interface systems. 2.4 Rapid Application Development Model (RAD) As its name implies, Rapid Application Development is one of the fastest ways of developing software. It uses minimal planning for its prototype which makes it easier to develop software much faster. Instead of wasting time for planning and design, they simply merge planning with construction phase. It means that planning and construction goes together which ultimately makes it more flexible to changes of the requirement in the middle of the construction. We can call it as an incremental process model that insistences a small development phase. This approach is mostly used in such types of environment which needs fast response. Similarly, when the system is needed than early set development time then this approach is suitable to provide a fast response. It is specially used to developed systems for share markets, IT (Information technology) companies and so on. Fig. 2.4 Rapid Application Development Model (RAD) Advantages It reduces the time while developing the software. Different components can be reused. It provides higher customer satisfaction due to active involvement during software development. It supports the feedback of the customer. It helps to improve integration issue as well. Disadvantages It depends upon the highly qualified team and developers to identify the requirements. It is costly method due to cost of modeling and automated generation coding. It requires highly-skilled manpower. RAD can only develop those system which can be modularized. When to use Prototype Model: It should be used if the requirements are well identified. It should be used if there is enough high-skilled manpower and the high amount of cost that needed for the entire project. It should be used that can be modularized in a short period of time. It should be used if there is availability of the user involved during the entire life cycle of the system development. 2.5 Agile Methodology Agile is one of the rapid ways of developing software. It is also one of the main types of incremental model where different results of different phases were merged together and send for through testing. After that, these results are use for application development. Because of incremental model, small software produces with quick phases. It is cooperative as well because the developers and clients are working frequently together with good communication. It is straightforward due to its well documentation, simple, and easy to learn. It is also well adaptive in nature. At any time, changes can be made easily without difficulty. There are different organization that are using this approach as for example, General Electronics (GE), British Airways, NYSE Euronext and several other agencies. Fig. 2.5 Agile Methodology Type of Agile Methodology: Extreme Programming Scrum Crystal family of methodologies Feature Driven Development Rational Unified Process Dynamic Systems Development Method Adaptive Software Development Open Source Software Development Other Agile Methods Agile Modeling Pragmatic Programming Advantages It is a rapid way of development of software so client satisfaction is high. Client satisfaction is emphasize that means interaction with client is high so less chance of product failure. There is a good communication between developers and clients. It is very flexible that even late changes in requirements are adopted without any problems. Disadvantages If organization representative is not sure about the specific requirement for the organization then whole software development process will be on jeopardy. When developing a large product for large organization it will be very difficult to achieve and measure the requirements needed for the development of application. It gives less emphasis to design and process of the requirements. It requires very highly experienced manpower which will often make this process quite expensive. When to use Agile Methodology: It should be used if the system needs some certain changes in the middle of time. These changes are possible with a minimum amount of cost. It should be used if you want to make a good communications between the clients and developers so that client gets fully satisfaction with no error. It should be used if the system needs a good design and technical excellence. Out of the above methodologies, I have chosen Rational Unified Process (RUP). In my project, I have implemented Rational Unified Process as a methodology where Joint Application Development is possible and inception, elaboration, construction, and transition phases are overlapped so that feedback from the client can be effectively implemented in my system. 2.6 Tools and Technologies Used HTML5 HTML is hyper text mark-up language which is the core part of the internet. HTML 5 is a fifth revised version of the HTML. This mark-up language is very important for the structuring the framework and presenting the design in the World Wide Web. This HTML 5 is revised version which is W3C candidate recommendation. It means that it is in most optimum stage than any other old version released. The key difference in the HTML 5 is that it is more users friendly as well as supports all the latest multimedia. The main aim of this language is to create a easy communication through language between the computer and its users. CSS3 Cascading style sheet is such types of language which is used for the presentation of the documents written in mark-up language. This style sheet is basically used in web based systems and its main function is to bring the life in those systems by using creativity of the developers. CSS3 is just another version of the CSS which holds some extra styling functions than its old version. It allows you for more alternatives for HTML tags and also explains how it can be shown in the WebPages. The modular construction also allows CSS3 to be more flexible for the developers and end users as well. PHP It is an abbreviation of Perl Hypertext Pre-processor. It has been widely used as the web based system development and web page development. It is an open source scripting language used to create dynamic web content which can be link with database and ultimately makes it more interactive. In PHP based web pages when a page is clicked or requested by end user it execute PHP script and automatically link that page with database which makes it more dynamic than other scripting language. Why PHP not ASP in this project ? 1. On Server: ASP operates only in windows ( can also run on Linux but not supported by many host and not so compatible), while PHP runs on both Linux and windows server. 2. On Database: ASP support s all databases but its best run with Microsoft Access and Microsoft SQL but does not run well with MYSQL; one may get problems on paging . PHP runs best and easily support with MySQL and Microsoft SQL. 3. In Programming: With PHP, one can also easily work on server related programming like DNS, metadata, etc. but in ASP, it is very hard to perform on server side manipulation and one needs special permission to do that from admin. Typically, the same functionality can be accomplished in less code with PHP than with ASP. This is because the HTTP GET and POST variables are created automatically by PHP as global variables, thus eliminating the step of extracting them from the ASP Request object. 4. In Finance: Many add-ons for PHP are free (if hosted on Linux). but with ASP one needs to pay for almost everything like mail component, ftp component, image upload component etc. Therefore, PHP is more powerful tool for a dynamic web pages. MySQL It is one of most famous open source relational database management system which is based on Structured Query Language. It can support multiple accesses in its database, which makes it one of the most famous database management systems for development of web based systems. MySQL is used in different kinds of application including data warehousing, e-commerce, web databases, logging and distribution application and so on. AJAX It is an abbreviation of Asynchronous JavaScript and XML. The main purpose of AJAX is to manage different tools together for example HTML, JavaScript, CSS and so on. By managing like this it will help web application to be more users friendly and dynamic. JavaScript JavaScript is a client side decoded scripting language developed by Netscape to build interactive sites. It is basically used to do different tasks like trigger a linked to a page to generate popup windows, trigger a graphic images and text and so on. It is also used in validation of the form and authentication of information provided in the web pages by the end users. jQuery It is an open source JavaScript Library that fulfill the gap between different tools used for the development of web. It helps to abridges outcome management HTML file negotiating, animating and Ajax interfaces for a web development. It is another way of writing JavaScript. Apache HTTP Server It is simply a public-domain open source which is developed by loosely-knit group of programmers in 1995. The main function of this server is to support different commercial applications and web services standards. It also supports a variety of features and most of them are complied together to support core functionality. These can range from server-side programming language support to authentication schemes. HTTP HTTP stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol used by World Wide Web. It is a main foundation of communication of World Wide Web. Hypertext is multi-linear sets of objects, building a network by hyper links between nodes, which also called text of word and HTTP is that protocol which is used to transfer that hypertext. Microsoft Visio Microsoft Visio is an application used for drawing layouts, blueprints, flowcharts, schematic diagrams etc. For this project, I used this application for ER diagram, diagrams for methodologies, and tables. With the help of this application, I have completed my diagrams and tables without taking longer time.

Our Moving Fate: A Study of El Greco’s Assumption of the Virgin Essay

Our Moving Fate: A Study of El Greco’s Assumption of the Virgin El Greco painted his â€Å"Assumption of the Virgin† in 1577 for the convent of Santo Domingo el Antiguo in Toledo, Spain. Born in Greece as Domenikos Theotocopoulos, (his nickname translates from Spanish into â€Å"The Greek†), El Greco was the top artist of the Spanish School, and was commissioned to paint â€Å"Assumption† to adorn the convent’s altar. The painting is a daunting size—over six feet wide and twice as tall—surrounded by a wooden frame tinted with a non-uniform metallic gold paint. The oil on canvas creates some, although not obvious texture, and brush strokes are visible only slightly in the garments of the human subjects. The Virgin Mary is the main figure in the painting, situated horizontally-centered in the upper-half of the canvas. She is wearing a blue flowing gown which begins below her bosom and reaches down to her feet, and a deep red fabric covers her chest and upper limbs. Her arms are outstretched and she is looking up into the heavens, flanked by female angels, adults and infants, who are praying and looking on. Below the clouds in the bottom-half of the canvas is a group of mortal men with mixed emotions and split into two groups leaving a part in the mass directly below Mary. All of the figures wear loose outfits similar to Mary’s, and many of the colors, bright but not full, are repeated throughout. One subtle detail particularly worth noting is a small piece of white paper in the bottom right-hand corner of the canvas. El Greco added the image to the paintings that he believed were his true masterpieces. Regardless of any analysis, it is certain that El Greco was extremely proud of â€Å"Assumption,† and believed it to be one of his best. .. ...â€Å"Assumption of the Virgin,† El Greco has done three remarkable things. His use of sneaky geometry and symbolism first completely hijacks control of the viewer’s gaze, and then creates a dynamic, accelerating scene on what is in reality a canvas at rest. Finally, instead of simply presenting a scene, he creates an actual anticipation of judgment, and brings the viewer so completely into the scene that he shares the same fate as the painted mortals themselves. It is fitting that El Greco’s masterpiece made its way to the altar in a sanctuary, where its effect would be most appropriate. And perhaps this was El Greco’s intention all along. As a believing Catholic, he must have been satisfied to know that worshipers praying in Antiguo’s church would witness, and literally join humankind as they desperately tried to please God, agonizing over his judgment of their own fate.

The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 29

My Movie's Montage Explaining how I learned Tiffany's routine and became an excellent dancer would be difficult – mostly because our rehearsals are long and grueling and extremely boring. We do the same little things over and over again endlessly. For example, if I had to lift a finger in the air for the routine, Tiffany would make me do it a thousand times every single day until I could do it to her liking on command. So I will spare you most of the boring details. To make things even more complicated, Tiffany has forbidden me to document our rehearsals in any thorough manner that would allow others to steal her training techniques. As she wants to open up a studio someday, she is very guarded about her methods – and her choreography too. Luckily, as I am starting to write this part, I remember that in every one of his films, whenever Rocky needs to become a better boxer, they show clips of him doing one-arm push-ups, running on the beach, punching slabs of meat, running the stairs of the art museum, gazing at Adrian lovingly, or being yelled at by Mickey or Apollo Creed or even Paulie – all while his theme song plays, which is perhaps the greatest song in the world, â€Å"Gonna Fly Now.† In the Rocky movies, it only takes a few minutes to cover weeks of training, and yet the audience still understands that a lot of preparation went into the actual development of Rocky's boxing skills, even though we only get to see a few clips of the Italian Stallion working hard. During a therapy session, I ask Cliff what this movie technique is called. He has to call his wife, Sonja, on his cell phone, but she knows the answer and tells us that what I am trying to describe is called a montage. So that is what I am now going to create below, my movie's montage. Maybe you'll want to play â€Å"Gonna Fly Now† on your CD player, if you have a copy handy – or you could put on any song you find inspiring – and read along to the music. Music is not required, however. Okay, here it is, my montage: In anticipation of our big performance, I'm running a little faster with Tiffany every day. We push ourselves, and when we get to the park, we sprint the last mile to her house and get really sweaty. I always beat Tiffany, because I am a man, yes, but also because I am an excellent runner. See me pumping iron: bench press, leg lifts, sit-ups on the Stomach Master 6000, bike riding, squats, knuckle push-ups, curls – the works. â€Å"Crawl!† Tiffany yells. So I crawl on the hardwood floor of her dance studio. â€Å"Crawl like you have no legs and you haven't eaten for two weeks and there's a single apple in the middle of the room and another man with no legs is also crawling toward the apple. You want to crawl faster, but you cannot, because you are maimed. Desperation flows out of your face like sweat! You are so afraid you will not get to the apple before the other legless man! He will not share the apple with – no, no, no. Stop! You're doing it all wrong! Jesus Christ, Pat! We only have four weeks left!† â€Å"Jeanie,† I hear my father say. He is in the kitchen eating his breakfast. I am on the basement stairs listening. â€Å"Why does Pat close his eyes and hum every time I mention the Eagles? Is he going crazy again? Should I be concerned?† â€Å"What's this I hear about you missing the Saints game?† Jake says through the telephone when I call him back sometime after 11:00 p.m. He has called two nights in a row, and the note my mother left for me on my pillow read Call your brother back no matter how late. IMPORTANT. â€Å"Don't you want to see what Baskett does this week? Why are you humming?† â€Å"When you are a dancer, you are allowed to put your hands anywhere on your partner's body, Pat. It's not sexual. So when you do this first lift, yes, your hands will be cradling my ass and crotch. Why are you pacing? Pat, it's not sexual – it's modern dance.† See me pumping iron: bench press, leg lifts, sit-ups on the Stomach Master 6000, bike riding, knuckle push-ups, curls – the works. â€Å"I'm Okay, Pat. I'm fucking fine. You're going to drop me a few times while we're learning the lifts, but it's not because you're not strong enough. You need to center your palm directly at the base of my crotch. If you need me to get more specific, I will. Here. I'll show you. Put out your hand.† â€Å"Your mother tells me you will not discuss Eagles football with your – why are you humming?† Cliff asks. â€Å"I did not mention that certain saxophonist's name. What's this all about?† â€Å"I never thought I would say this, but maybe you should consider taking a break from your dance training and watch the game with Jake and your dad,† my mother says. â€Å"You know I hate football, but you and your father seemed to be making a connection, and Jake and you are just getting back to being brotherly again. Pat, please stop humming.† â€Å"For the second lift you need to look up at me, Pat. Especially just before I go into the flip. You don't have to look at my crotch, but you have to be ready to push up so I'll get more height. If you don't give me a push when I bend my knees, I won't be able to complete the flip and will probably crack my head open on the floor.† â€Å"I know you can hear me through the humming, Pat. Look at you!† my father says. â€Å"Curled up in your bed, humming like a child. Birds lose by a field goal in New Orleans, and your boy Baskett had zero catches. Zilch. Don't think your dancing through the game didn't affect the outcome.† â€Å"You look like a retarded snake! You are supposed to crawl with your arms – not slither or wiggle or whatever the fuck you are doing down there. Here. Watch me.† In anticipation of our big performance, I'm running a little faster with Tiffany every day. We push ourselves, and when we get to the park, we sprint the last mile to her house and get really sweaty. I always beat Tiffany, because I am a man, yes, but also because I am an excellent runner. â€Å"What's Tiffany holding over you?† Ronnie says. We are in my parents' basement. I have already spotted him as he benched one wimpy sixty-pound rep, and now he is taking a break. This is a surprise visit disguised to look like a prework lifting session. â€Å"I told you to protect yourself. I'm telling you, Pat, you don't know what that woman is capable of. My sister-in-law is capable of anything. Anything!† â€Å"You're making the sun with your arms. In the center of the stage, you represent the sun. And when you make the huge circle with your arms, it has to be slow and deliberate – just like the sun. The dance is one day's worth of sun. You are going to rise and set all onstage – to the flow of our song. Understand?† â€Å"I want you to talk to Tiffany and tell her it's important for you to watch the Eagles game with your father,† Mom says. â€Å"Please stop humming, Pat. Please, just stop humming!† â€Å"The second lift is the hardest by far, as it requires you to go from a squatting position to a standing position with me standing on your hands, which will be just above your shoulders. Do you think you're strong enough to do this, because we can do something else if you are too weak, but let's try it now and we'll just see.† â€Å"Why is this dance competition so important to you?† Cliff asks me. I look up at the sun painted on the ceiling of his office and smile. â€Å"What?† he says. â€Å"The dancing lets me be that,† I say, and point up. Cliff's eyes follow my finger. â€Å"It lets you be the sun?† â€Å"Yes,† I say, and smile again at Cliff, because I really like being the sun, exactly what allows clouds to have a silver lining. Also, being the sun is what will provide me with the opportunity to write letters to Nikki. â€Å"Please stop humming into the phone, Pat. I'm on your side here. I understand wanting to learn an art for a woman. Don't you remember my playing the piano for you? But the difference is that Caitlin would never ask me to miss an Eagles game, because she knows it's more than just football to me. I can hear you fucking humming through the phone, Pat, but I'm just going to keep talking, all right? You're acting crazy, you know. And if the Eagles lose tomorrow against the Buccaneers, Dad is going to think you cursed the Birds.† â€Å"Okay, you know your routine – roughly, anyway. So now I want you to watch mine. I'll say ‘lift' when it's time for one of your lifts, just so you know when they're coming. But don't worry, because as long as you do your routine, I'll make sure we link up with the lifts. Okay?† Tiffany is in tights and a T-shirt like every other day, but she transforms her face just before she pushes play on the CD player. So solemn. Those sad piano notes and those two dueling voices fill the room, and Tiffany begins to dance beautifully but sadly. Her body moves so gracefully, and it is only now that I understand what she means by crying through movement. She jumps, she rolls, she spins, she runs, she slides. She yells â€Å"Lift!† and then falls to the floor dead, only to explode upward in resurrection when the music picks up again. And her dancing is one of the most beautiful things I have ever seen. I could watch her dance for the rest of my life, and strangely, watching Tiffany soar around the dance floor makes me feel like I am floating over waves with baby Emily. Tiffany is that good. â€Å"Your father has stopped eating dinner with me, Pat. He's not taking walks with me either. Ever since the Eagles lost to the Buccaneers, he's back to his – Pat, please stop humming. Pat!† In anticipation of our big performance, I'm running a little faster with Tiffany every day. We push ourselves, and when we get to the park, we sprint the last mile to her house and get really sweaty. I always beat Tiffany, because I am a man, yes, but also because I am an excellent runner. â€Å"I don't think you understand how much this means to my sister,† Veronica says, and I am shocked to see her and baby Emily in my basement gym. â€Å"Do you know that since Tommy passed, she has never asked her family to see her dance? In fact, for two years she's banned us from attending any of her performances. But this year she thinks she is going to perform flawlessly enough to invite her family – she's convinced, in fact – and while I am glad to see her so happy, I'm afraid to even think about what she might do if you guys screw up the performance. She's not a stable person, Pat. You do understand that, right? You do understand that your performing poorly will result in months of serious depression? So I need to ask you how are the rehearsals really going? Do you truly think you can win? Do you?† Before I turn off the lights, I stare into framed-picture Nikki's eyes. I see her freckled nose, her strawberry blond hair, her full lips. I kiss her so many times. â€Å"Soon,† I say. â€Å"I'm doing everything I can. I won't let you down. Remember – ‘Forever's gonna start tonight.'† See me pumping iron: bench press, leg lifts, sit-ups on the Stomach Master 6000, bike riding, knuckle push-ups, curls – the works. â€Å"The Asian Invasion will pick you up at – † Cliff nods at me and smiles. â€Å"Ah, the humming again. Your mother tells me you won't talk to anyone about Eagles football, but you aren't seriously going to miss a home game, are you?† â€Å"The most important thing is to make the lifts look effortless, as if you are holding up air. I should appear to be floating. Understand? Good, because I need you to stop shaking during the routine, Pat. You look like you have fucking Parkinson's disease, for Christ's sake.† â€Å"How does a four-and-one team lose three games straight?† Dad yells down from the top of the basement steps. â€Å"A team that beat the Dallas Cowboys handily? A team with a first-ranked offense and more sacks than any other team in the league? You can hum all you want, Pat. But that don't change the fact that you took the good luck away from the Birds and are ruining our season!† See me pumping iron: bench press, leg lifts, sit-ups on the Stomach Master 6000, bike riding, knuckle push-ups, curls – the works. â€Å"Okay. Not bad. You got the crawling down, and one of the lifts doesn't look awful anymore. But we only have a week left. Can we do this? Can we do this?† â€Å"I bought you a present,† Tiffany tells me. â€Å"Go into the powder room and try it on.† In her studio's washroom, I remove a pair of yellow tights from a plastic bag. â€Å"What's this?† I call out to Tiffany. â€Å"It's your outfit. Put it on, and we'll have a dress rehearsal.† â€Å"Where's the shirt?† â€Å"Again,† Tiffany says, even though it is 10:41 p.m. and my elbows feel as though they might explode. I am dancing on raw nerves. I am dancing on bone. â€Å"Again!† Eleven fifty-nine p.m. â€Å"Again,† Tiffany says, and then takes her place at the left side of the studio. Knowing that arguing is no use, I drop to the floor and prepare to crawl. â€Å"This might tickle some,† Tiffany says just before she slides her pink lady razor through the shaving cream coating my chest, and then she shows me how much hair is in the teacup she rinses the blade in. I am lying on a yoga mat in the middle of her dance studio. My chest is covered with some sort of green aloe shaving gel that turns white when you make foam. Being shaved by Tiffany sort of makes me feel strange, as I have never been shaved by a woman before and have never had my torso shaved at all. When she lathers me up, I close my eyes, and my fingers and toes tingle wildly. I sort of giggle each time she shaves a line of hair off my chest. I sort of giggle each time she shaves a line of hair off my back. â€Å"We want those muscles to gleam like the sun onstage, right?† â€Å"Why can't I just wear a shirt?† I say, even though – in a weird sort of way – I secretly enjoy being shaved by Tiffany. â€Å"Does the sun wear a shirt?† The sun does not wear yellow tights either, but I do not say so. In anticipation of our big performance, I'm running a little faster with Tiffany every day. We push ourselves, and when we get to the park, we sprint the last mile to her house and get really sweaty. I always beat Tiffany, because I am a man, yes, but also because I am an excellent runner. Two days before the competition, just before we are about to perform the routine for the twenty-fifth time that day – twenty-five being Tiffany's favorite number – she says, â€Å"We need to do this flawlessly.† So I try my best, and as I watch bits of our routine in the mirrors that surround us, I think, We really are dancing flawlessly! I am so excited when we finish, because I know we will win – especially since we have improved ourselves so much with sacrifice and hard training. This mini-movie will have a happy ending for sure! But something about Tiffany's demeanor is off as we take our water break. She is not yelling at me, nor is she using the f-word, so I ask, â€Å"What's wrong?† â€Å"How many people did you recruit to come to the competition?† â€Å"I asked everyone I know.† â€Å"Veronica tells me your family is mad at you for abandoning the Eagles.† â€Å"Not my mom.† â€Å"I'm worried that if we don't get enough fans there to cheer for us, the judges might be swayed by another dancer's larger fan base. We might not win, and then I would not be able to act as your liaison, Pat.† â€Å"Maybe if you are not doing anything tomorrow night, you might want to bring your wife and children to my dance recital,† I tell Cliff. â€Å"We've really got a good routine, and I think we can win if only we have enough audience support, and I don't think that my father or brother will be likely to show up, so – â€Å" â€Å"After tomorrow night, you'll be done with these long rehearsals?† â€Å"Yeah.† â€Å"So you will be able to go to the Redskins game on – â€Å" â€Å"Hmmmmmm.† â€Å"Just tell me this, if I go to the dance recital, will you go to the Eagles game with us on Sunday? The Asian Invasion misses you, and truthfully, we sort of feel like you've cursed the Eagles by abandoning them mid-season. Poor Baskett has only caught two balls in the last three games and had zero catches last week. And the Birds have lost three straight. We miss you down at the Linc, Pat.† â€Å"I can't talk about that subject until my dance recital is over tomorrow night. I can only say that I need to recruit as many people as possible to cheer for Tiffany and me so the judges will be swayed. Let me just say that winning is really important, and Tiffany says that crowd reaction can sway the judges.† â€Å"If I come, will you talk to me about that-thing-you-are-not-allowed-to-talk-about after your performance?† â€Å"Cliff, I can't talk about that until after the performance.† â€Å"Well then, neither can I tell you whether I will be at your performance,† Cliff says. At first I think he is bluffing, but he doesn't bring up the subject again, and by the end of our therapy session I feel as though I have blown my shot at getting Cliff to bring his wife to my recital, which makes me feel very depressed. Hello, you've reached Jake and Caitlin's machine. Please leave a message after the beep. Beep. â€Å"Jake. Sorry to call so late, but I just got done rehearsing. I know that you are mad at me because you think I jinxed those-people-who-make-me-hum-at-the-present-moment, but if you bring Caitlin to my dance recital, there's a chance I might be able to do that thing we used to do on Sundays, especially if you cheer for Tiffany and me very loudly. We need people to cheer for us, because the judges are sometimes swayed by the audience. It's really important that we win this competition. So as your brother, I'm asking you to please bring your wife to the Plaza – â€Å" Beep. I hang up and redial the number. Hello, you've reached Jake and Caitlin's machine. Please leave a message after the beep. Beep. â€Å"That's the Plaza Hotel at – â€Å" â€Å"Hello? Is everything okay?† It's Caitlin's voice, which makes me nervous, so I hang up, fully realizing I have blown my shot at getting Jake to come to my dance recital. â€Å"Pat, you know I'll be there. And I'll cheer so loudly for you, but winning isn't everything,† my mom says. â€Å"It's the fact that you were able to learn to dance in only a few weeks that is impressive.† â€Å"Just ask Dad, okay?† â€Å"I will. But I don't want you to get your hopes up. A dance recital is not something he would have attended even if the Eagles won the last three games.†

Splitting an Entity in Pieces Family by J. California Cooper

Splitting an Entity in Pieces Family by J. California Cooper One of the most shattering novels ever written, Family by J. California Cooper is a perfect specimen of a XIX-century American tragedy.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Splitting an Entity in Pieces: Family by J. California Cooper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Creating the characters that might as well be the real people of the America sunken under the weight of slavery and torments, J. California Cooper demonstrates what makes a real family and explains why the rules and morals governing in the XIX century time, made people suffer and families split in a dreadful misconception. Explaining the true family values in her shocking and gripping novel, J. California Cooper manages to convey the importance of the family ties and emphasizes that in the hardest times when slavery came to reign in the country and people, could be sold and bought, family relationships were practically doomed – it took a real miracle f or the people of different races to come to terms and understanding. It is quite peculiar that the author does not actually offer her vision of what the real family makes – the descriptions of the woes that Chlora had to undergo to come to realizing that her family is completely broken. Without even comparing the ideal family to the one that Chlora was doomed to have, J. California Cooper made the reader unconsciously understand that the real family was supposed to make an entity, an integral piece that on no account should be divided. Once the family is split, the lives of its members are broken for good. Moreover, the feeling of belonging also vanishes without a trace, as J. California Cooper explains: And the Erath Mother asked the Erath Child as she handed it the succulent Earth fruit, â€Å"And where does a tree bear fruit that is not its own?† And the Erath Child threw back its beautiful head, laughing, saying, â€Å"Never, never†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Cooper iv). Whene ver the author mentions Chlora’s family, her children and the life they led, there is a surge of pain rising from the pages and hitting the reader right in the heart of his/her hearts.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Telling in plain words about the things that obviously seem outrageous and despicable to the modern-days world, but are a common practice in the world Chloe lives in, Cooper creates the vision of the family ruined by the social prejudice and the racism ideas reigning in the society: When the children was sold and the money used to buy more land or something for the land, Always named whatever was bought by the name of her child. So there was fields named Lester, Ruby, and Lark, and whole lotta cows named Satti. (135) There is no doubt that the real values of the family are concealed in its integrity and entity. Once the family is split, there is no way which can possibly make the family members reunite. As the lead character, Clora, the slave, says in her sorrow, All my family, my blood, is mixed up now. They dont even all know each other. I just hope they dont never hate or fight each other, not knowin who they are. Cause all these people livin are brothers and sisters and cousins. All these beautiful different colors! We! We the human Family. God says so! FAMILY! (231) Another important issue in the novel that requires thorough considerations is the problem of racism. Though racial issues can be viewed as an integral and a necessary part of the development of the humankind and passing over to the next stage of evolution, racism is, no doubts, the most repulsive phenomenon ever. Whenever the author mentions the segregation issues, there is no hatred towards racists themselves, but the sadness that people can cause such pain to the fellow human beings. Such an atmosphere in the book enhances the understanding that racism i s the most repulsive phenomenon, yet does not involve the desire to destroy the people who are under the influence of the racial ideas, which is extremely important. Stressing the importance of piece and equality, the novel offers a different approach to the racial issues, which is rather unexpected: â€Å"Such a wave of hate is being planted up deeper in this world. The devil is the busiest thing I know† (231). Therefore, the author blames the time and the epoch, even the supernatural things, for racism, but not people themselves, which is rather wise.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Splitting an Entity in Pieces: Family by J. California Cooper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hence, it cannot be denied that the humankind was passing through hard times to come to understanding that slavery led to the breach of any human relationships within the people of different races and the split of the family ties betwe en the people of different races. In addition, J. California Cooper conveys the idea that slavery provoked the outbursts of cruelty and was the ultimate summit of the inhumane. Hence, creating a picture of a family, distorted, and the family values, defied and trampled on, J. California Cooper emphasized the importance of treating all people equally and the fact that, without the equality among all races and nationalities, all family morals and values are turned into ash. Cooper, California J. Family. New York City, NY: Doubleday, 1991. Print.

HAKA--traditional dance performance in New Zealand essays

HAKAtraditional dance performance in New Zealand essays Most people will identify HAKA as a war dance, actually this is an erroneous description, but it ¡Ã‚ ¯s understandable. One relatively formal definition is that composition played by many instruments. Hands, feet, legs, body, voice, tongue and eyes all play their part in blending together to covey in their fullness the challenge, welcome, exultation, defiance or contempt of the words. (Armstrong A, 1964) According to Armstrong, he describes two general types of HAKA by whether weapons are carried or not: HAHA taparahi, which is performed without weapons and may express public or private sentiment; and HAKA peruperu, in which the performers carry weapon. (Armstrong, A, 1964) There are also other methods to distinguish HAKA, which are differed by their function, by their manner of performance, by grouping of performers: ( Mclean, M 1996) Ngeri ¡Ã‚ ªany short informal composition in HAKA form performed with or without dance and could be regarded as a short, sharp, wake-up action Tuara ¡Ã‚ ªa type of ngeri in which words describe sexual connotations and imagery to express derision Tumoto ¡Ã‚ ªanother type of ngeri which is a virulent chant to indicate revenge for some injury or defeat in battle Pirori ¡Ã‚ ªa HAKA performed naked which indicate contempt revulsion Kaioraora ¡Ã‚ ªa HAKA composed by women to vent their anger at a an event which has occurred 2 By manner of performance HAKA horuhoru ¡Ã‚ ªperformed in a kneeling position by both sexes HAKA hoiri ¡Ã‚ ªperformed with swaying movement HAKA matohi ¡Ã‚ ªperformed by men only in which they exaggeratedly expose their posterior HAKA pikari ¡Ã‚ ªin which feet are shuffled HAKA aroakapa ¡Ã‚ ªa haka performed in two ranks. HAKA maporowha ¡Ã‚ ªperformed with performers forming a square. There is a type of HAKA performed by women only, is pukana. Although it is not mentioned within HAKA, accords exactly the definition of HA ...

Families And Sibling Abuse Understanding The Unthinkable Social Work Essay Example

Families And Sibling Abuse Understanding The Unthinkable Social Work Essay Example Families And Sibling Abuse Understanding The Unthinkable Social Work Essay Families And Sibling Abuse Understanding The Unthinkable Social Work Essay Abuse, whether it be physical, emotional, or sexual, can infiltrate a household scene and change the kineticss greatly. Within a household there are different relationships and bonds, and each one of those relationships may hold a different motivation and signifier of maltreatment within it. A type of maltreatment within a household that does non have much attending from society is abuse by siblings. In general, maltreatment within a household is thought of as a parent mistreating a kid and asseverating their authorization in such a manner, but the affair of maltreatment by a sibling is besides really of import to understand and there are many deductions of such maltreatment. This research paper will turn to the importance of sibling relationships to farther understand the deductions that come about from maltreatment within them, what healthy sibling relationships should look like, the commonalty of different relationships of siblings holding incest, types of household constellations where sibling maltreatment is present, and the interventions of siblings that maltreatment and are victims of maltreatment. Four articles will be used to understand the issue, Sibling Family Practices: Guidelines for Healthy Boundaries ( 2009 ) , Sibling Incest: Reports from Forty-one Survivors ( 2006 ) , Making Sense of Maltreatment: Case Studies in Sibling Incest ( 2006 ) , and Treating Sibling Abuse Families ( 2005 ) . Maltreatment is a really powerful word that comes with many intensions. The existent definition of maltreatment has jobs with it because it is non universally accepted and the perceptual experiences of maltreatment from single to single vary greatly. Everyone has their ain personal sentiment on what maltreatment consists of and in general it is typically thought of as doing injury to another individual. Abuse is an issue that has many crossing factors and many beds that are rooted deep in relationships. One type of maltreatment that is of great importance, as are the others, is sibling maltreatment. Sibling maltreatment is abuse that is perpetrated by one sibling to another and may be physical maltreatment or sexual maltreatment, known as incest. The importance of this type of maltreatment is that it is non given much attending in society and it is hard to grok. Society does non acknowledge sibling abuse every bit easy as it will acknowledge maltreatment between intimate spouses or e ven abuse between parents and their kids. Due to the deficiency of consciousness it is really of import to understand what a healthy sibling relationship is, instances of sibling maltreatment, and interventions of the siblings. By looking at four articles, a position of the issue will come into focal point and some visible radiation will be shed on the issue of sibling maltreatment. : In Johnson, Huang, and Simpson s research, Sibling Family Practices: Guidelines for Healthy Boundaries, ( 2009 ) studies help reason what is socially acceptable and what is non within a household. The study was taken of five 100 people and their sentiments by and large corresponded. The research showed that when it came to hygiene, bathing together is acceptable for kids younger than five if they are of the same gender. If the kids are of different genders, the research shows that it is acceptable for kids younger than four to bathe together. Showering is a similar issue, being acceptable for same gendered siblings that are younger than six and acceptable for different gendered siblings younger than four and a half old ages. The information besides reflects grownups sentiments sing fondness, with the statistics on snoging being 37 % stating siblings should neer snog on the oral cavity and 23 % of people stating they should snog at all ages. ( Johnson, Huang, Simpson, 2009 ) . Hu gging is widely accepted between siblings. Caffaro and Caffaro reference healthy sibling development in Treating Sibling Abuse Families ( 2005 ) . Caffaro and Caffaro lend a expression at the development of sibling relationships, explicating that sibling ties begin in childhood with parents composing the book. ( Caffaro A ; Caffaro, 2005 ) . It is common for parents to delegate functions for their kids without actively intending to make so. Siblings are frequently raised being in a natural competition with their sibling and seeking to populate up to the label that has been placed upon them by their parents. An illustration would be labeling a kid as the smart 1 and their sibling as the polite 1 . These two kids would vie against each other to maintain their rubric from the other and would besides endeavor to keep their rubric, organizing it into their self-identity. Carlson, Maciol, and Schneider conducted research in Sibling Incest: Reports from Forty-one Survivors ( 2006 ) in order to acquire a concise image of sibling sexual maltreatment. The research was conducted utilizing 34 adult females and seven work forces and the bulk of the 41 participants were of white. The survey decisions found that three of the males initiated sexual behaviour with their sisters and the other work forces were victims of sibling incest that was brought on by brothers of theirs. Four adult females of the survey were victims of sibling incest because of their sisters and the other 30 adult females were sexually abused by brothers. The research from this article clearly shows that males are the most common culprits of sibling incest and adult females are more likely to be the victims, but work forces are besides sometimes the victims of sibling maltreatment brought on by brothers. Matching with this information, Caffaro and Caffaro found that 63 per centum of the a dult females in their survey were victims of incest due to their brothers sexual assault. In contrast to the anterior survey, Treating Sibling Abuse Families ( 2009 ) found that the 2nd most common signifier of sibling incest is from one brother to another, the following most common being sisters sexually mistreating their brothers, and the least common signifier being sisters sexually mistreating their sisters. ( Caffaro A ; Caffaro, 2005 ) . As discussed earlier, it is hard for society to see all of these instances as maltreatment and incest because of the troubles there are in specifying maltreatment and there are besides different positions between households of what is acceptable and normal. In Making Sense of Abuse: Case Studies in Sibling Incest ( 2006 ) , Bass, Taylor, Knudson-Martin, and Huenergardt discuss the possibility of maltreatment being seen as normal within a household. The research done in the article is instance surveies that follow two Latin American households where sibling incest was present. One of the households viewed abuse as normal and used secretiveness as a manner to keep the maltreatment. Besides, the household did non see outside systems as positive and held the sentiment that the systems were occupying their personal lives. The 2nd household in the research differed from the first in the manner that they viewed maltreatment as a error and unacceptable and they used secretiveness to protec t instead than perpetuate maltreatment. The 2nd household besides differed in seeing outside systems and legitimate and, although the systems caused some adversities, they saw them as appropriate and non intrusive as the first had. ( Bass, Taylor, Knudson-Martin, Huenergardt, 2006 ) . Treatment for sibling maltreatment may get down with what is referred to as a Sibling Abuse Interview, or SAI for short. ( Caffaro A ; Caffaro, 2005 ) . The SAI maps by inquiring inquiries of all household members about the relationships that are presently between the siblings and besides the history of those relationships. The SAI asks inquiries that trade with maltreatment and injury and besides points out countries of household resiliency. Treatment is normally similar to intervention of other signifiers of maltreatment, but the therapy is somewhat modified. There are two different positions when it comes to sexual maltreatment of kids and they are the Child Protection Movement and the Feminist Movement. The Child Protection Movement holds the doctrine that the kid victim is the most of import at that clip and that the full household is responsible for protecting that kid and supplying them safety. The ultimate end of the Child Protective Movement is to reunite the household with a healthier manner of life. The Feminist Movement favours advocacy over all others. This position feels that it is necessary and most good for the victim to hold an advocator on their side that is determined to set up protection for that kid in the present and the hereafter as good. The Feminist Movement supports household rapprochement, but it does non keep it as a top precedence. ( Crosson-Tower, 2010 ) . These two theories produce different signifiers of intervention and have different schemes for handling the victims of incest. Both hold the victim s protection above all else but they differ in footings of what is best for the kid, whether it be healthy household patterns or protagonism for the victim. The four surveies discussed aid to give a wide apprehension of sibling incest, from the healthy sibling relationships that are used as footing, what sibling incest can be interpreted as in footings of common types, household influences on sibling incest sing their mentalities, to the intervention and results of sibling incest. The surveies were mostly consistent and all painted images that corresponded with one another. There were some minor disagreements in findings, such as the commonalty of different signifiers of sibling incest, but in general the larger messages were all the same. The deductions of the research presented is a better consciousness of sibling incest and the ability to acknowledge ruddy flags when they are present. Sibling incest is more outstanding than society likes to believe and without understanding sibling incest, it is hard to forestall it from go oning. With understanding, household constructions that allow for incest can be recognized and sibling incest ca n hopefully be diminished.

Development a brain controlled prosthetic hand Research Paper

Development a brain controlled prosthetic hand - Research Paper Example The recorded brain signals are then used to control a physical or virtual device that carries out a task according to the user's intent. The first step we took when designing the prosthetic hand was to decide on the best control mechanism for finger movement. The goal for our design was to minimize the number of actuators necessary to control the movement of the finger and simplify the equations needed to describe the motion of the finger. The first proposal, which was the tension controlled model, consisted of the three joints of the finger, with a cable attached to a fixed point on each link of the finger which was run back through the finger to an actuator mechanism at the hand or behind the wrist. For this model, each joint would have a compliant mechanism which forced the resting state of the links to be in the bent position. The second approach for this design has the complaint mechanisms such that the resting state for the links is in the straightened positions. A second design proposal included the use of pneumatic systems to drive the bending or unbending of the fingers. In this proposal small tubes could be used to fill with either air or liquid to actuate the finger. The noise would create the same discomfort for the user as non life-like prosthetics. The third proposal for the finger design wa... In this proposal small tubes could be used to fill with either air or liquid to actuate the finger. The noise would create the same discomfort for the user as non life-like prosthetics. The third proposal for the finger design was a pulley system to control each joint independently. Pulley's would be placed at each joint in the finger, and would be independently controlled by its own wire. Therefore, when the actuator is active, the fingers will bend and hold their positions. When the actuator becomes inactive, the compliant mechanism would return the fingers to their straightened positions. In the designs described above, a pulley at each joint in the finger would have a cable wrapped around it just enough for it to actuate the exact number of degrees of rotation required at that joint. It may be possible to use flexinol in place of the motors, but testing would need to be completed to confirm that overheating does not occur and that temperatures of the prosthesis do not rise above the melting point of the prosthetic skin covering. One aspect of this design that we later incorporated into our final design was the knuckle joint. This piece had to be designed so that it could provide space for the pulley to rotate as well as allow the finger to rotate side to side. This piece also had to allow for the actuating cables to pass through it on its path to the motors. The third, and final, approach to the design of the finger uses a four bar mechanism to control the movement of the finger, and compliant mechanisms to move the finger back to its resting state at the straight position. In this design, the four bar linkage is placed between the two upper joints on the finger. From our preliminary research, we had determined the

How Have Elements of Music Hall and Melodrama Influenced Subsequent Essay

How Have Elements of Music Hall and Melodrama Influenced Subsequent 20th and 21st Century Performance Styles - Essay Example The melodrama performances of the early nineteenth century were designed for the middle class. A form of serious drama, Michael R. Booth, in his book Theatre in the Victorian Age, says that â€Å"Melodrama contains every possible ingredient of popular appeal: strong emotion, both pathetic and potentially tragic, low comedy, romantic colouring, remarkable events in an exciting and suspenseful plot,†. He goes on to describe the many aspects of the human experience that the melodrama touches, â€Å"physical sensations, sharply delineated stock characters, domestic sentiment, domestic settings and domestic life, love, joy, suffering, morality, the reward of virtue, and the punishment of vice.† ( pg 151). These dramas appealed to the working class as they touched on themes that were familiar and relatable to the audience. While much of the work would be done with past historical eras as the time periods, according to Booth, the themes had a nineteenth century contemporary feel and resonance. was Thomas Holcroft’s, â€Å"A Tale of Mystery† which would be performed at Covent Garden in 1802. This piece was â€Å"Gothic in nature and influenced by the English Gothic novel of the late eighteenth century, the German â€Å"Sturm and Drang† drama, and Parisian melodrama of the post-Revolutionary period.† (Booth, 1991, pg. 155). The story was a translation of the French melodrama, Coelina, ou l’enfant du mystà ¨re , from 1800 by Renà © Guilbert de Pixà ©rà ©court. According to Dr. Marvin Carlson, professor of comparative literature and executive officer of the Ph.D. program at the University of New York, There were several French adaptations that would start the melodrama phase in English theatrical history. However, the development of the familial connection would create a standard for plot and theme. important familial relationships

Paediatric Radiography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Paediatric Radiography - Essay Example From the diagram, it will be noted that at different ages, there are different anatomical proportions that people possess. This means that the body proportion of an adult is different from a child. In paediatric radiography, this understanding is very important in ensuring that the wrong body parts will not be captured while engaging in radiographic procedures. The differences in anatomical proportion are also necessary when giving protection to various parts of the body. For example, the size of a blockade to be used on the chest of the child cannot be the same for an adult. This is because the differences in proportion imply that it will not be possible to cover out relatively the same areas when using the same dimensions for both. There are a lot of radiographic exposure parameters that must be considered in paediatric radiography. One of these is focal spot size. For paediatric radiography, the advice is that â€Å"the ability of the focal spot to provide the most appropriate exposure time and radiographic voltage selection at a stated focus-to-film distance† should be preferred (Hardy and Boynes, 2003, p. 25). There is also the issue of tube filtration, where the use of high kV techniques is recommended in order to get the shortest exposure times possible. Rooks, Sisler and Burton (1998) also mentioned voltage as another exposure factor, indicating that high voltage can enhance short exposure times, which are needed for paediatric radiographic examinations. Currently, such short exposure times are achieved with the use of high frequency generators (Hardy and Boynes, 2005). It is common knowledge that paediatric radiography requires more radiation protection, even though all forms of radiation protection are necessary in adult radiography. In paediatric protection, the tenderness of body tissues and possibility of cells not being mature enough is the major

GROUP DYNAMICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

GROUP DYNAMICS - Essay Example ligence from other members of other groups, obtain skills in life, prepare themselves mentally for future teamwork, enjoy the fruitful success of the group outcome from its activities and eventually realize affluence of the entire affiliation as a whole (Kemper and Royce 2002). This is the fact since a group is the most fundamental microcosm of the profile of the entire organization that the members are working for. The group can be a school study group; discussion group, project group; research group or an investigatory team of people who work together towards achieving a common set goal or goals within a given scope of time. Groups are a very potent learning tool as it combines the thinking of different minds to a common pool and laying the bare for critical analysis and further fact finding regarding the given data at hand. Therefore, the group is a very effective tool in research work, a powerful discussion tool and a good approach where a given number of people are willing to arrive at a common thinking destination (Levi 2010). Insight is a very important aspect in group/teamwork. Members with adequate insight/knowledge are adept top solve a given riddle from the combination of the different insights to deliver favorable answers that serve are apparently credible. Participation in a group is a very important virtue in group work. Members who participate in terms of giving ideas, speculation, insight and their own findings regarding the topic under discussion make the team/group affluent and fruitful in its endeavors. Conversely, lazy or unwilling members who do not contribute in the group deliberatio ns make it to lag behind and dwindle in its endeavors. Therefore, the aspect of teamwork and participation gives an affluent group its characteristic success. This involvement, profound concentration on the group and giving out your viewpoints is very influential on the group success rather than passiveness which is a vice (Davies and Sinfield 2000). Factors that

Learning Processes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Learning Processes - Research Paper Example For example, typewriters may not be a good idea for drafting letters in the current world which forced even experienced typewriters to learn computers and its application software. This paper briefly analyses the learning processes, its effects on behavior and thinking. â€Å"Learning is a process leading to relatively permanent behavioral change or potential behavioral change. As we learn, we alter the way we perceive our environment, the way we interpret the incoming stimuli, and therefore the way we behave† (Psychology 101, 2003). Learning is definitely observable. For example, a child who suffers burns while touching the candle flame will never repeat it because of his learning that flames can cause burning and pain. In other words, the child learns to modify his behavior while seeing a candle flame which is observable. In other words learning will help a person to improve or modify his behaviors. It is not necessary that learning always result in improvement; in some cases, learning results in adjustments rather than improvements. For example, most of the people are nowadays complain about the enormous stress they were undergoing. All these stresses are the result of improper adjustments. Through learning, a person will be capable of pr oper adjustments and the release of tension. A fresher will always face different kinds of difficulties while joining an organization. But experience or learning will reduce his difficulty levels while performing later. â€Å"Learning implies the acquisition of knowledge from experience, while thinking involves the conscious processing and use of knowledge† (Learning and thinking: what science tells us about teaching, 2007). Like the way in which behavior is associated with learning, thinking is also related to learning. A person who knows nothing about computers may change his perceptions or thinking about computers once he learned it. Same way, learning helps a person to think differently.

EFFECTS OF RELIGION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

EFFECTS OF RELIGION - Essay Example An example of this can be seen through the way in which Imperial Japan was able to use its religious fervor to require the kamikaze pilots to sacrifice their lives in suicide missions. Although the allies did not understand such an approach at that time, the theory behind this was simple. Sacrifice for the fatherland was a highly desirable form of sacrifice that ensured a firm link would remain between the ancestors and the current generations. This is a prime example of how a religious point of view helped to define a nation in the midst of wartime via a reliance on the traditions and shared religion that helped to define the group as a whole. Similarly, organized religion in Middle Ages Europe served to retard the process of knowledge acquisition and scientific discovery. The Catholic church exhibited such a high degree of control that the overall result was that human and scientific knowledge and development were delayed by nearly 400 years. In this way, it is easy to see some of the net effects of complete societal control by a religious entity. Although these two examples are both pejorative, there exist positive examples as well. However, these are usually with relation to an overall sense of morality and/culture that a societal interpretation of religion invariable

GROUP DYNAMICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

GROUP DYNAMICS - Essay Example ligence from other members of other groups, obtain skills in life, prepare themselves mentally for future teamwork, enjoy the fruitful success of the group outcome from its activities and eventually realize affluence of the entire affiliation as a whole (Kemper and Royce 2002). This is the fact since a group is the most fundamental microcosm of the profile of the entire organization that the members are working for. The group can be a school study group; discussion group, project group; research group or an investigatory team of people who work together towards achieving a common set goal or goals within a given scope of time. Groups are a very potent learning tool as it combines the thinking of different minds to a common pool and laying the bare for critical analysis and further fact finding regarding the given data at hand. Therefore, the group is a very effective tool in research work, a powerful discussion tool and a good approach where a given number of people are willing to arrive at a common thinking destination (Levi 2010). Insight is a very important aspect in group/teamwork. Members with adequate insight/knowledge are adept top solve a given riddle from the combination of the different insights to deliver favorable answers that serve are apparently credible. Participation in a group is a very important virtue in group work. Members who participate in terms of giving ideas, speculation, insight and their own findings regarding the topic under discussion make the team/group affluent and fruitful in its endeavors. Conversely, lazy or unwilling members who do not contribute in the group deliberatio ns make it to lag behind and dwindle in its endeavors. Therefore, the aspect of teamwork and participation gives an affluent group its characteristic success. This involvement, profound concentration on the group and giving out your viewpoints is very influential on the group success rather than passiveness which is a vice (Davies and Sinfield 2000). Factors that

EFFECTS OF RELIGION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

EFFECTS OF RELIGION - Essay Example An example of this can be seen through the way in which Imperial Japan was able to use its religious fervor to require the kamikaze pilots to sacrifice their lives in suicide missions. Although the allies did not understand such an approach at that time, the theory behind this was simple. Sacrifice for the fatherland was a highly desirable form of sacrifice that ensured a firm link would remain between the ancestors and the current generations. This is a prime example of how a religious point of view helped to define a nation in the midst of wartime via a reliance on the traditions and shared religion that helped to define the group as a whole. Similarly, organized religion in Middle Ages Europe served to retard the process of knowledge acquisition and scientific discovery. The Catholic church exhibited such a high degree of control that the overall result was that human and scientific knowledge and development were delayed by nearly 400 years. In this way, it is easy to see some of the net effects of complete societal control by a religious entity. Although these two examples are both pejorative, there exist positive examples as well. However, these are usually with relation to an overall sense of morality and/culture that a societal interpretation of religion invariable

Racism and Stereotypes Essay Example for Free

Racism and Stereotypes Essay â€Å"Sport provides a particularly public display of relations of dominance and subordination. The point of sport is to display publicly the processes of challenge and struggle between two sides alleged to begin in equal terms but determined to produce and sustain relations of dominance vis-a-vis one another. Moreover, sport as a meritocracy based on skill quietly reaffirms our national common sense; individuals who work hard and possess the right stuff will always prevail. Turned on its head, this lesson becomes even more insidious: those who are at the top must have risen to the top through fair means and thus deserve their position. In contrast, those not at the top do not possess the requisite talent for such privilege. Even the runner-up is a loser†(Wulfemeyer Rada, 2005). Sport provides an objective measure to evaluate the performance of a player and/or a team. There are countless statistics for athletes in every sport, which are evaluated on a daily basis. Statistics show how well an athlete performs and how good of an player they truly are. As an athlete, talent is all that should matter and be looked at when making a judgment of whether they are good or not, unfortunately this does not always hold true today. Stereotyping, racism, sexism and all those negative aspects of life, which were thought to have diminished over the years, are still prominent and portrayed through the media to this day. Stereotyping is the process of imposing characteristics on people based on their perceived group membership (Harrison, 2001). Based on stereotypical beliefs, we make social assumptions and make judgments on our knowledge of the perceived traits of those that fit into social categories. Viewing groups in terms of stereotypes is the brains way of filling in missing information about individuals we know little about by superimposing perceived traits of the group to which they belong. This is an efficient adaptation of the human mind to allow us to get out of â€Å"getting to know† everyone we encounter. Humans have neither the cognitive capacity, time, nor the desire to process all of the information available to us. We therefore use our cognitive space as efficiently as possible by categorizing and compressing information in an attempt to store more (Rose Christina, 2006). When stereotypes are based on a wealth of accumulated social and factual knowledge and are not used to make trait assumptions about individual group members, they are generally accurate and pose few problems. It is when stereotypes are based on false, misleading, or limited information that they become problematic. While most stereotyping, even the problematic variety, can be considered harmless it holds potential for quick activation if circumstances and situations present themselves (Harrison Jr. , 2001). Sport and physical activity provide an abundant ground for the development, utilization, and prolongation of stereotypes. Racial stereotypes regarding the abilities of African Americans and Europeans are very much prominent in the realm of sport and physical activity. These stereotypes have been fueled historically by theories developed to explain the perceived performance differences between African Americans and European Americans. Many years of theorizing and hypothesizing about the natural physical abilities of African American athletes have shaped the thinking of entire populations. These seemingly scientific theories and hypotheses have formed the origin of todays African American athlete stereotype (Armstrong, 2011). The former United Nations Secretary General, Kofi Annan was quoted saying â€Å"sport is a universal language that can bring people together, no matter what their origin, background, religious beliefs or economic status† (United Nations, 2005) but this was not always the case. Major barriers have been conquered over the years to bring equality to this nation and validate the former Secretary General’s above statement. One of the biggest issues that was dealt with was racism. This is a topic many like to tiptoe around and believe is nonexistent in American, the so-called melting pot of the world. Ethnic groups are equal if not more dominant in professional sports today in their participation in sport but the same cannot be said for the coverage of the events that they participate in. Research shows that there are still priming racial stereotypes made by sport announcers (Westerfield, Johnson, Hallian). â€Å"African American athletes, once excluded from participating in professional and intercollegiate sports because of institutionalized discrimination, now participate in many sports at a rate that equals or greatly exceeds their representation in the population. This is especially true in the case of intercollegiate and professional football and basketball† (Center for the Study of Sport in Society, 2001). As equality became more evident in sport, especially football and basketball, so did the media coverage of these sports. The development of technologies, such as the television or Internet, allows people all over the world to watch a growing increase in the popularity of sport. Over the years sports coverage has given a larger viewing population to the networks and the sporting entities have used that coverage to increase their revenue. Even though both equality for the minority player and the media were growing at the same time they were not growing together. It was true that blacks were getting more rights to play but they were not being broadcasted out to a larger audience by the media. For years African Americans and the African American community have been underrepresented in television coverage. When African Americans did appear they were often pigeonholed into demeaning, stereotype ridden portrayals, showing them as â€Å"bestial, brutish, buffoonish, comical, criminal, dependant of government entitlements or support, ignorant, lazy, menacing, oversexed, and prone to out-of wedlock births† (Wulfemeyer Rada, 2005). The question of bias in sports coverage is neither new nor limited to race. To date, several research projects have uncovered bias across race, gender, and ethnicity (Wulfemeyer Rada, 2005). The presence of bias has not been limited by venue either. Research has found bias across a wide range of sporting events ranging from professional and intercollegiate sports in the United States to international events such as the Olympics. Research has also demonstrated that bias can take many forms, from what is heard from the spoken commentary on-air to what is seen from the game coverage (Wulfemeyer Rada, 2005). One form of racial bias that researchers have consistently uncovered is the brawn versus brains descriptions directed toward the players. It would seem as though complimenting an athlete for his or her athletic ability and physical attributes would seem positive and encouraging to a player but that is not always the case. Sometimes these seemingly positive comments have an underlying bias that is revealed by the commentary’s views of the players. This image that is made by the media that African Americans are naturally athletic and are blessed with God given talent can portray the negative creation and perception of the lazy athlete who does not have to work hard or at all at his/her craft. Many times it was also portrayed that blacks were more animalistic and farther away from being civilized than the rest of the population as well. These stereotypical expressions were put into the open in 1989 when Jimmy Snyder, an on-air personality for CBS Sports, openly told the public that the success of African American athletes was the result of selective and effective breeding on the part of the slave owners. Announcers negate not just physical and intellectual ability; intellect and character were also commented on, further negating the African American athlete. These stereotypes are not just targeted towards African Americans; they apply and are present for all races. Examples of these stereotypes are things such as blacks don’t feel pain, have no morals, are not team players have animal instincts, etc. Caucasian players can’t jump, they are hickish, and they are too loud or to opinionated and are very naive to everyday life. People of Asian decent are always good at math, cant drive well and are very strict with their children. Native Americans are lazy and sometimes alcoholics, and only live off the casinos. Hispanics are not patriotic, they all drive trucks; they are all-good at yard work and like to have a lot of children. All of these are examples of stereotypes that are out in society today and the list could continue to go on and on. These stereotypes that are portrayed by the media have prominent effect of the sports that athletes choose to participate in, in many cases it probably even effect what position they play. Since media has become such a big part of today’s society and is incorporated into our everyday lives young athletes watch sports on television and listen to what is being said about certain athletes and are likely to base what they want to do on the sport that they best fit into. For example if you are black you best fit in playing either basketball or football, if you are white you best fit in playing baseball or swimming, if you are of some sort of Hispanic decent you should play soccer or maybe even baseball. Even though racism is suppose to be a topic that was squashed long ago it still lives very much through stereotyping and is successfully denying full integration throughout the spectrum of sport. These same stereotypes that are made by the media towards the male roles of sport also apply to females as well. Even though woman around the world now participate in sport they are still not held to the same standard as males. â€Å"When female athletes transgress gender norms and boundaries, even in a â€Å"Post-Title IX† moment, they are still held to antiquated societal standards of emphasized femininity and feminine appearance by the mainstream news media† (Waches, Messner, Dworkin, Cooky, 2010). A great examples of this taking place is the Don Imus controversy in 2007 when he made stereotypical, sexist and offensive comments about the Rutgers University woman’s basketball team. Sexism is the belief or attitude that women are inferior to men, the application of masculine stereotypes to women or the hatred of one gender or sex (Griffin, 1992). â€Å"In collegiate sports, sexism can manifest itself in several ways including inequitable funding dedicated to women’s sports, media coverage of women’s sporting events, women’s college coaching salaries, views on elite female athletes and prejudice and discrimination against lesbians† (Whiteside Hardin, 2009). Sexist views on female athletes originated in the 1920s, from medical establishment concerns about the masculinizing effects of sport participation on women. From a contemporary standpoint, football, men’s basketball and most male college sports draw more interest and revenue than women’s college sports. This reality provides the foundation for beliefs about female athletic inferiority (Griffin, 1992). Sexism appears most often in women’s basketball, in part, because the game draws the most attention among women’s college sports and because women’s basketball is more similar to a men’s sport than any other college sport. In addition, women’s basketball is not one of the socially approved feminine sports like tennis or golf. Traditionally, prissy sports like tennis, golf and gymnastics are viewed as more feminine and these sports are, coincidentally, inundated with White women. Black women have customarily participated in basketball and track, which have long been considered as masculine sports. Sport controversies can alienate and oppress Black female student-athletes who already confront isolation, media criticism, prejudice and stereotypes. Neglecting race and gender controversies in sport can impact athletic department’s brand name recognition, alumni donations, corporate sponsorships and game attendance. More important, race and gender controversies also can negatively affect minority and female student-athletes’ recruitment, student-athletes’ social development and social justice for all student-athletes. â€Å"Inquires should uncover sociocultural implications that can be used to craft recommendations in instances when race, gender, and sport adversely intersect† (Waches, Messner, Dworkin, Cooky, 2010). It is said that racism is something of the pass and in today’s society it is non-existence but according to Gill (2011) there is a modern type of racism called new racism. New racism is based on the widespread belief that racism no longer exists and civil rights legislation created an equal playing field. New racism includes feeling a way of life is threatened by others and different cultures are assumed to be incompatible. The traits that truly distinguish new racism from historical racism are: racial ambiguity, blaming Blacks for their problems, and the use of the media to facilitate racism. Racial ambiguity refers to putting forth a non-prejudiced explanation for what might be considered as a prejudiced statement. For instance, when Don Imus was asked to explain his comments about the comment he had made about the woman’s Rutger team he stated that his comments were intended to be a joke. Present in new racism, unlike historical racism, is the belief that the problems Blacks experience are not a result of social disadvantage, but rather a result of some predisposed deviance in Black culture (Gill, 2011). It is evident that racism, sexism, prejudice, stereotyping and a lack of equality are still very much present it sport today. Even with all the equality acts and laws that have been passed the playing field has yet to be leveled amongst different races, ethnic groups, and genders. Even though many sports have been intermingled there are still many sports that are dominated by one specific minority and that is not how it should be. The media needs stop putting emphasis and specific aspects of certain people’s life because in doing this they are generalizing a group. Through generalization the media is implying that a certain group of people are all the same and thus should all be expected to act the same way. This brings a very negative aspect to sport. Since sport is such a big part of American culture I believe that the media should really begin to change their ways and stay as unbiased as possible to allow the viewing population to make their own judgments and opinions on people based on their talent, not on what generalized group they have been placed in. References Armstrong L., Ketra (2011). ‘Lifting the Veils and Illuminating the Shadows’: Furthering the Explorations of Race and Ethnicity in Sport Management. Journal of Sport Management 25, 95-106. Gill Jr, L. Emmett (2011). The Rutgers Woman’s Basketball Don Imus Controversey (RUINUS): White Privlages, New Racism, and the Implications for College Sport Management. Journal of Sport Management 25, 118-130. Griffin, Pat (1992). Changing the Game: Homophobia, Sexism, and Lesbians in Sport. QUEST 4, 251-265. Harrison Jr, Louis (2001). Understanding the Influences of Stereotypes: Implications for the African American in Sport and Physical Activity. QUEST 53, 97-114. Rose, J. Debra, Christina, W. Robert (2006). A multilevel Approach to the Study of Motor Control and Learning (2nd ed). University of North Carolina-Greensboro: Pearson. Wachs L. Faye, Messner Michael, Dworkin L. Sheri, Cooky Cheryl (2010). It’s Not About the Game: Don Imus, Race, Class, Gender and Sexuality in Contemporary Media. Sociology of Sport Journal 27, 139-159. Westerfield R. Carl, Johnson L. Darrell, Hallinan J. Christopher. Picturing Success: Photographs and Stereotyping in Men’s Collegiate Basketball. Journal of Sport Behavior 22:1. Whiteside E. Erin, Hardin Marie (2009). The Power of â€Å"Small Stories:† Narratives and Notions of Gender Equality in Conversations About Sport. Sociology of Sport Journal 26, 255-278. Wulfemeyer K. Tim, Rada A. James (2005). Color Coded: Racial Descriptors in Television Coverage of Intercollegiate Sports. Journal o Broadcasting Electronic Media 49, 65-85.